Add test suite against Let's Encrypt's staging environment.

https://letsencrypt.org/docs/staging-environment/

15 files changed, 1020 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Changelog b/Changelog
index 5bca11e..9e58239 100644
--- a/Changelog
+++ b/Changelog
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ lacme (0.7.1) upstream;
    whitespace.  This doesn't change the default behavior but allows
    using `ssh -T lacme@account.example.net lacme-accountd` to spawn a
    remote lacme-accountd server for instance.
+ * Add test suite against Let's Encrypt's staging environment
+   https://letsencrypt.org/docs/staging-environment/ .
  + Improve nginx/apache2 snippets for direct serving of challenge files
    (with the new 'challenge-directory' logic symlinks can be disabled).
  + Split Nginx and Apapche2 static configuration snippets into seperate
diff --git a/test b/test
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..ffee0ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+#----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# ACME client written with process isolation and minimal privileges in mind
+# (test suite)
+# Copyright © 2015-2021 Guilhem Moulin <guilhem@fripost.org>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+#----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+set -ue
+PATH="/usr/bin:/bin"
+export PATH
+
+usage() {
+    local rv="${1-0}"
+    echo "Usage: $0 [--deb|--dev] [TEST..]" >&2
+    exit $rv
+}
+
+# Setup: for any subdomain under $DOMAINNAME,
+# http://$subdomain.$DOMAINNAME/.well-known/acme-challenge/$challenge
+# must be routed to this machine.
+# This can be done with a wildcard DNS record and opening tcp/80 in firewall.
+DOMAINNAME="lacme-test.guilhem.org"
+
+MODE="dev"
+DISTRIBUTION="sid"
+BUILDDIR="build/test"
+while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+    case "$1" in
+        --deb) MODE="deb"; shift;;
+        --dev) MODE="dev"; shift;;
+        --help|-h) usage 0;;
+        -*) echo "Error: Unknown option $1" >&2; usage 1;;
+        --) shift; break;;
+        *) break;
+    esac
+done
+
+cd "$(dirname -- "$0")"
+declare -a TESTS=()
+if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
+    # always start with registration, the account key might be new
+    TESTS+=( "register" )
+    for t in tests/*; do
+        if [ "$t" != "tests/register" ] && [ -f "$t" ]; then
+            TESTS+=( "${t#tests/}" )
+        fi
+    done
+else
+    for t in "$@"; do
+        if [ -f "tests/$t" ]; then
+            TESTS+=( "$t" )
+        else
+            echo "Error: '$1': no such test" >&2
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    done
+fi
+
+if [ "$MODE" = "deb" ]; then
+    DISTRIBUTION="$(dpkg-parsechangelog -S Distribution)"
+    [ "$DISTRIBUTION" != "UNRELEASED" ] || DISTRIBUTION="sid"
+    PKG_DESTDIR="${XDG_CACHE_HOME:-"$HOME/.cache"}/build-area"
+elif [ "$MODE" = "dev" ]; then
+    make all -- \
+        BUILDDIR="$BUILDDIR" \
+        DESTDIR="" \
+        exec_prefix="/usr" \
+        datadir="/usr/share" \
+        runstatedir="/run" \
+        lacme_www_user=_lacme-www \
+        lacme_www_group=nogroup \
+        lacme_client_user=_lacme-client \
+        lacme_client_group=nogroup
+fi
+
+ACCOUNT_KEY="$BUILDDIR/account.key"
+if [ ! -f "$ACCOUNT_KEY" ]; then
+    # keep the account key (up to `make clean`) to avoid hitting
+    # rate-liming -- currently 50 registrations per 3h per IP, see
+    # https://letsencrypt.org/docs/staging-environment/
+    echo "Generating account key $ACCOUNT_KEY..." >&2
+    openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out "$ACCOUNT_KEY"
+fi
+
+ARCH="$(dpkg-architecture -qDEB_BUILD_ARCH)"
+CHROOT=""
+
+cleanup() {
+    if [ -n "$CHROOT" ]; then
+        schroot -c "$CHROOT" -e
+    fi
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT INT TERM
+
+run() {
+    local t="tests/$1" rootdir version sub
+    if [ ! -f "$t" ]; then
+        echo "Error: '$1': no such test" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    CHROOT="$(schroot -c "$DISTRIBUTION-$ARCH-sbuild" -b)"
+    rootdir="/run/schroot/mount/$CHROOT"
+
+    if [ "$MODE" = "deb" ]; then
+        version="$(dpkg-parsechangelog -S Version)"
+        echo "Installing lacme $version into $CHROOT..." >&2
+        install -vt "$rootdir/dev/shm" -m0644 -- \
+            "$PKG_DESTDIR/lacme_${version}_all.deb" \
+            "$PKG_DESTDIR/lacme-accountd_${version}_all.deb"
+        sudo schroot -d"/" -c "$CHROOT" -r -- \
+            env DEBIAN_FRONTEND="noninteractive" apt install -y \
+                "/dev/shm/lacme_${version}_all.deb" \
+                "/dev/shm/lacme-accountd_${version}_all.deb"
+
+    elif [ "$MODE" = "dev" ]; then
+        echo "Installing lacme dev into $CHROOT..." >&2
+        sudo make install -- \
+            BUILDDIR="$BUILDDIR" \
+            DESTDIR="$rootdir" \
+            exec_prefix="$rootdir/usr" \
+            datadir="$rootdir/usr/share" \
+            runstatedir="$rootdir/run"
+        sudo schroot -d"/" -c "$CHROOT" -r -- \
+            env DEBIAN_FRONTEND="noninteractive" apt install -y \
+                adduser \
+                libconfig-tiny-perl \
+                libcrypt-openssl-rsa-perl \
+                libjson-perl \
+                libnet-ssleay-perl \
+                libtimedate-perl \
+                libwww-perl \
+                openssl
+        sudo schroot -d"/" -c "$CHROOT" -r -- \
+            adduser --force-badname --system \
+                --home /nonexistent --no-create-home \
+                --gecos "lacme www user" \
+                --quiet _lacme-www
+        sudo schroot -d"/" -c "$CHROOT" -r -- \
+             adduser --force-badname --system \
+                --home /nonexistent --no-create-home \
+                --gecos "lacme client user" \
+                --quiet _lacme-client
+    fi
+
+    # set up staging environment, see https://letsencrypt.org/docs/staging-environment/
+    sudo install -oroot -groot -m0644 -vt "$rootdir/usr/share/lacme" certs-staging/*.pem
+    sudo install -oroot -groot -m0644 -vT "$BUILDDIR/certs-staging/ca-certificates.crt" \
+        "$rootdir/usr/share/lacme/ca-certificates.crt"
+    sudo schroot -d"/" -c "$CHROOT" -r -- perl -pi -e \
+        's|\b\Qhttps://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/\E\b|https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/|' \
+        "/usr/libexec/lacme/client" "/etc/lacme/lacme.conf"
+
+    # install account key and configure lacme accordingly
+    sudo install -oroot -groot -m0600 -vT -- "$BUILDDIR/account.key" \
+        "$rootdir/etc/lacme/account.key"
+    sudo schroot -d"/" -c "$CHROOT" -r -- \
+        sed -ri '0,\|^#?privkey\s*=.*| {s||privkey = file:/etc/lacme/account.key|}' \
+            /etc/lacme/lacme-accountd.conf
+
+    # use lacme's internal webserver bound to INADDR_ANY port 80
+    sudo schroot -d"/" -c "$CHROOT" -r -- \
+        sed -ri 's|^#?listen\s*=.*|listen = 0.0.0.0|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+
+    # use a sample lacme-certs.conf, with a random subdomain so we can
+    # verify that challenges are answered correctly
+    sub="$(head -c10 /dev/urandom | base32 -w0)"
+    sudo tee "$rootdir/etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/simpletest-rsa.conf" >/dev/null <<- EOF
+		[simpletest-rsa]
+		certificate-key = /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.key
+		certificate-chain = /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt
+		subject = /CN=${sub,,[A-Z]}.$DOMAINNAME
+	EOF
+    sudo schroot -d"/" -c "$CHROOT" -r -- \
+        openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.key
+
+    # copy test wrapper and unit file
+    local testdir="/dev/shm/lacme.test"
+    sudo install -oroot -groot -m0700 -d -- "$rootdir$testdir"
+    sudo install -oroot -groot -m0755 -T -- /dev/stdin "$rootdir$testdir/run" <<-EOF
+		STDERR="$testdir/stderr"
+		touch "\$STDERR"
+		fail() {
+		    set +x
+		    local rv=\$? i
+		    if [ \$rv -eq 0 ]; then rv=1; fi
+            echo "vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv"
+		    cat <"\$STDERR" >&2
+            echo "^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^"
+		    [ \$# -eq 0 ] || echo "Error: \$*" >&2
+		    exit \$rv
+		}
+		grepstderr() {
+		    grep "\$@" <"\$STDERR" || fail
+		}
+		ngrepstderr() {
+		    ! grep "\$@" <"\$STDERR" || fail
+		}
+		set -x
+	EOF
+    sudo tee -a "$rootdir$testdir/run" >/dev/null <"$t" 
+
+    sudo schroot -d"/" -c "$CHROOT" -r -- env -i \
+        USER="root" \
+        HOME="/root" \
+        SHELL="/bin/sh" \
+        LOGNAME="root" \
+        TERM="$TERM" \
+        PATH="/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" \
+        DOMAINNAME="$DOMAINNAME" \
+        sh -ue "$testdir/run" || return $?
+
+    # clean up
+    schroot -c "$CHROOT" -e
+    CHROOT=""
+}
+
+for t in "${TESTS[@]}"; do
+    if ! run "$t"; then
+        echo "FAILED: $t" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+done
diff --git a/tests/accountd b/tests/accountd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f3985f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/accountd
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Use a separate accountd server process
+
+adduser --disabled-password \
+       --home /home/lacme-account \
+       --gecos "lacme account user" \
+       --quiet lacme-account
+
+# non-existent parent directory
+! lacme --socket="/nonexistent/S.lacme" account 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fxq "stat(/nonexistent): No such file or directory"
+
+# word-writable parent directory
+! lacme --socket="/tmp/S.lacme" account 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fxq "Error: insecure permissions on /tmp"
+
+# missing socket
+SOCKET=~lacme-account/S.lacme
+! lacme --socket="$SOCKET" account 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fxq "Can't stat $SOCKET: No such file or directory (Is lacme-accountd running?)"
+
+#######################################################################
+
+install -olacme-account -glacme-account -Ddm0700 ~lacme-account/.config/lacme
+mv -t ~lacme-account/.config/lacme /etc/lacme/account.key
+chown lacme-account: ~lacme-account/.config/lacme/account.key
+
+cat >~lacme-account/.config/lacme/lacme-accountd.conf <<-EOF
+	privkey = file:/home/lacme-account/.config/lacme/account.key
+EOF
+
+# non-existent parent directory
+! runuser -u lacme-account -- lacme-accountd --socket="/nonexistent/S.lacme" 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fxq "stat(/nonexistent): No such file or directory"
+
+# word-writable parent directory
+! runuser -u lacme-account -- lacme-accountd --socket="/tmp/S.lacme" account 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fxq "Error: insecure permissions on /tmp"
+
+# non-existent $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
+! runuser -u lacme-account -- env XDG_RUNTIME_DIR="/nonexistent" lacme-accountd 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fxq "stat(/nonexistent): No such file or directory"
+
+# test running accountd
+runuser -u lacme-account -- env XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/home/lacme-account lacme-accountd --debug 2>"$STDERR" & PID=$!
+sleep 1
+kill $PID || fail
+wait || fail
+grepstderr -Fxq "Using configuration file: /home/lacme-account/.config/lacme/lacme-accountd.conf"
+grepstderr -Fxq "Starting lacme Account Key Manager at /home/lacme-account/S.lacme"
+
+# spawn accountd
+runuser -u lacme-account -- lacme-accountd --socket="$SOCKET" --quiet & PID=$!
+
+# run lacme(8) multiple times using that single lacme-accountd(1) instance
+lacme --socket="$SOCKET" account  2>"$STDERR" || fail
+lacme --socket="$SOCKET" newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+test /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt -nt /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.key
+
+# terminate accountd and check that it removes the socket
+kill $PID
+wait
+! test -e "$SOCKET"
+
+# vim: set filetype=sh :
diff --git a/tests/apache2-proxy b/tests/apache2-proxy
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ae17ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/apache2-proxy
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Use Apache2 as reverse proxy for lacme's internal webserver using the
+# provided snippet
+
+# bind the webserver to the default listening address
+sed -i 's|^listen\s*=|#&|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+
+DEBIAN_FRONTEND="noninteractive" apt install -y --no-install-recommends apache2 curl
+
+ln -fs /etc/lacme/apache2.conf /etc/apache2/conf-available/lacme.conf
+a2enmod proxy_http
+a2enconf lacme
+
+mkdir /run/apache2
+( set +eux && . /etc/apache2/envvars && apache2 )
+
+# ensure that requests to the root URI and challenge URIs yield 502 Bad Gateway before starting the webserver
+rv="$(curl -w"%{http_code}" -so/dev/null http://127.0.0.1/.well-known/acme-challenge/)";    [ $rv -eq 503 ]
+rv="$(curl -w"%{http_code}" -so/dev/null http://127.0.0.1/.well-known/acme-challenge/foo)"; [ $rv -eq 503 ]
+
+lacme --debug newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+test /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt -nt /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.key
+
+grepstderr -Fq "Forking ACME webserver bound to /run/lacme-www.socket, child PID "
+grepstderr -Fq "Forking lacme-accountd, child PID "
+grepstderr -Fq "Forking /usr/libexec/lacme/client, child PID "
+grepstderr -Fq "Shutting down lacme-accountd"
+grepstderr -Fq "Shutting down ACME webserver bound to /run/lacme-www.socket"
+grepstderr -Eq "Incoming connection: GET /\.well-known/acme-challenge/\S+ HTTP/[0-9.]+$"
+
+# ensure apache2 was indeed used to serve challenge responses (Let's Encrypt caches validation results)
+grep -E "\"GET /\.well-known/acme-challenge/\S+ HTTP/[0-9.]+\" 200 .* \(([^)]+; )*Let's Encrypt validation server(; [^)]+)*\)\"$" \
+    /var/log/apache2/access.log
+
+# vim: set filetype=sh :
diff --git a/tests/apache2-static b/tests/apache2-static
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f697cd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/apache2-static
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Use Nginx to directly serve ACME challenge responses using the
+# provided snippet
+
+# bind the webserver to the default listening address
+sed -i 's|^listen\s*=|#&|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+
+DEBIAN_FRONTEND="noninteractive" apt install -y --no-install-recommends apache2 curl
+
+ln -fs /etc/lacme/apache2-static.conf /etc/apache2/conf-available/lacme.conf
+a2enmod proxy_http
+a2enconf lacme
+
+mkdir /run/apache2
+( set +eux && . /etc/apache2/envvars && apache2 )
+
+# 'challenge-directory' set to a non-existent directory
+sed -ri 's|^#?challenge-directory\s*=.*|challenge-directory = /var/www/acme-challenge|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+! lacme newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fqx "opendir(/var/www/acme-challenge): No such file or directory"
+
+# ensure that requests to the root URI and challenge URIs respectively yield 403 Forbidden (no index) and 404 Not Found
+install -o_lacme-client -gwww-data -m0750 -d /var/www/acme-challenge
+rv="$(curl -w"%{http_code}" -so/dev/null http://127.0.0.1/.well-known/acme-challenge/)";    [ $rv -eq 403 ]
+rv="$(curl -w"%{http_code}" -so/dev/null http://127.0.0.1/.well-known/acme-challenge/foo)"; [ $rv -eq 404 ]
+
+# 'challenge-directory' set to a non-empty directory
+touch /var/www/acme-challenge/.stamp
+! lacme newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fqx "Error: Refusing to use non-empty challenge directory /var/www/acme-challenge"
+
+rm -f /var/www/acme-challenge/.stamp
+lacme --debug newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+test /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt -nt /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.key
+
+ngrepstderr -Fq "Forking ACME webserver"
+grepstderr  -Fq "Using existing webserver on /var/www/acme-challenge"
+grepstderr  -Fq "Forking lacme-accountd, child PID "
+grepstderr  -Fq "Forking /usr/libexec/lacme/client, child PID "
+grepstderr  -Fq "Shutting down lacme-accountd"
+ngrepstderr -Fq "Shutting down ACME webserver"
+ngrepstderr -Eq "Incoming connection( from \S+)?: GET /\.well-known/acme-challenge/\S+ HTTP/[0-9.]+$"
+
+# ensure apache2 was indeed used to serve challenge responses (Let's Encrypt caches validation results)
+grep -E "\"GET /\.well-known/acme-challenge/\S+ HTTP/[0-9.]+\" 200 .* \(([^)]+; )*Let's Encrypt validation server(; [^)]+)*\)\"$" \
+    /var/log/apache2/access.log
+
+# vim: set filetype=sh :
diff --git a/tests/cert-extensions b/tests/cert-extensions
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a397ee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cert-extensions
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# X509v3 certificate extension, cf. x509v3_config(5ssl)
+
+x509_check() {
+    local cert="$1" ext out
+    out="$(mktemp --tmpdir)"
+    ext="basicConstraints,subjectAltName,keyUsage,extendedKeyUsage,tlsfeature"
+    openssl x509 -noout -subject -ext "$ext" -nameopt compat <"$cert" >"$out"
+    diff --unified --color=auto -b --label="a/${cert#/}" --label="b/${cert#/}" -- - "$out"
+}
+
+# default settings (the ACME server adds a subjectAltName with the Common Name)
+openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out /etc/lacme/test1.key
+commonName="$(head -c10 /dev/urandom | base32 -w0 | tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]").$DOMAINNAME"
+cat >"/etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/test1.conf" <<- EOF
+	[test1]
+	certificate-key = /etc/lacme/test1.key
+	certificate-chain = /etc/lacme/test1.crt
+	subject = /CN=$commonName
+EOF
+
+lacme newOrder test1
+test /etc/lacme/test1.crt -nt /etc/lacme/test1.key
+x509_check /etc/lacme/test1.crt <<-EOF
+	subject=/CN=$commonName
+	X509v3 Key Usage: critical
+	    Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
+	X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
+	    TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
+	X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
+	    CA:FALSE
+	X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
+	    DNS:$commonName
+EOF
+
+# subjectAltName
+openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out /etc/lacme/test2.key
+commonName="$(head -c10 /dev/urandom | base32 -w0 | tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]").$DOMAINNAME"
+subjectAltName=""
+for i in $(seq 1 8); do
+    subjectAltName="${subjectAltName:+"$subjectAltName "}$(head -c10 /dev/urandom | base32 -w0 | tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]").$DOMAINNAME"
+done
+cat >"/etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/test2.conf" <<- EOF
+	[test2]
+	certificate-key = /etc/lacme/test2.key
+	certificate-chain = /etc/lacme/test2.crt
+	subject = /CN=$commonName
+	subjectAltName = DNS:$(echo "$subjectAltName" | sed -r "s/ /, DNS:/g")
+EOF
+
+lacme newOrder test2
+test /etc/lacme/test2.crt -nt /etc/lacme/test2.key
+x509_check /etc/lacme/test2.crt <<-EOF
+	subject=/CN=$commonName
+	X509v3 Key Usage: critical
+	    Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
+	X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
+	    TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
+	X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
+	    CA:FALSE
+	X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
+	    DNS:$(echo "$commonName" "$subjectAltName" | tr " " "\\n" | sort -u | paste -sd" " | sed -r "s/ /, DNS:/g")
+EOF
+
+# tlsfeature
+openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out /etc/lacme/test3.key
+commonName="$(head -c10 /dev/urandom | base32 -w0 | tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]").$DOMAINNAME"
+cat >"/etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/test3.conf" <<- EOF
+	[test3]
+	certificate-key = /etc/lacme/test3.key
+	certificate-chain = /etc/lacme/test3.crt
+	subject = /CN=$commonName
+	tlsfeature = status_request
+EOF
+
+lacme newOrder test3
+test /etc/lacme/test3.crt -nt /etc/lacme/test3.key
+x509_check /etc/lacme/test3.crt <<-EOF
+	subject=/CN=$commonName
+	X509v3 Key Usage: critical
+	    Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
+	X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
+	    TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
+	X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
+	    CA:FALSE
+	X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
+	    DNS:$commonName
+	TLS Feature:
+	    status_request
+EOF
+
+# vim: set filetype=sh :
diff --git a/tests/cert-install b/tests/cert-install
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2147d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cert-install
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+# Certificate installation and post-issuance notification
+
+# at least one of 'certificate' or 'certificate-chain' is required
+cat >"/etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/bad1.conf" <<- EOF
+	[bad1]
+	certificate-key = /etc/lacme/bad1.key
+	subject = /CN=bad1.$DOMAINNAME
+EOF
+! lacme newOrder bad1 2>"$STDERR" || fail newOrder bad1
+grepstderr -Fxq "[bad1] Warning: Missing 'certificate' and 'certificate-chain', skipping"
+
+# 'subject' is required
+cat >"/etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/bad2.conf" <<- EOF
+	[bad2]
+	certificate-key = /etc/lacme/bad2.key
+	certificate = /etc/lacme/bad2.crt
+EOF
+! lacme newOrder bad2 2>"$STDERR" || fail newOrder bad2
+grepstderr -Fxq "[bad2] Warning: Couldn't generate CSR, skipping"
+
+# 'certificate-key' is required
+cat >"/etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/bad3.conf" <<- EOF
+	[bad3]
+	certificate = /etc/lacme/bad3.crt
+	subject = /CN=bad3.$DOMAINNAME
+EOF
+! lacme newOrder bad3 2>"$STDERR" || fail newOrder bad3
+grepstderr -Fxq "[bad3] Warning: Couldn't generate CSR, skipping"
+
+
+# 'certificate' installs only the leaf certificate
+openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out /etc/lacme/test1.key
+subject="/CN=$(head -c10 /dev/urandom | base32 -w0).$DOMAINNAME"
+cat >"/etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/test1.conf" <<- EOF
+	[test1]
+	certificate-key = /etc/lacme/test1.key
+	certificate = /etc/lacme/test1.crt
+	subject = $subject
+EOF
+
+lacme newOrder test1 2>"$STDERR" || fail newOrder test1
+test /etc/lacme/test1.crt -nt /etc/lacme/test1.key
+sed -n "0,/^-----END CERTIFICATE-----$/ p" /etc/lacme/test1.crt >/etc/lacme/test1.pem
+diff --unified /etc/lacme/test1.crt /etc/lacme/test1.pem
+
+
+check_hash() {
+    local p1="$1" p2 s1 s2
+    s1="$(openssl x509 -noout -hash <"$p1")"
+    for p2 in /usr/share/lacme/ca-certificates.pem.*; do
+        s2="$(openssl x509 -noout -hash <"$p2")"
+        if [ "$s1" = "$s2" ]; then
+            return 0
+        fi
+    done
+    return 1
+}
+csplit -f /usr/share/lacme/ca-certificates.pem. /usr/share/lacme/ca-certificates.crt \
+    "/-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----/" "{*}"
+rm -f /usr/share/lacme/ca-certificates.pem.00
+
+# 'certificate-chain' appends the chain of trust
+openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out /etc/lacme/test2.key
+cat >"/etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/test2.conf" <<- EOF
+	[test2]
+	certificate-key = /etc/lacme/test2.key
+	certificate-chain = /etc/lacme/test2.crt
+	subject = $subject
+EOF
+
+lacme newOrder test2 2>"$STDERR" || fail newOrder test2
+test /etc/lacme/test2.crt -nt /etc/lacme/test2.key
+csplit -f /etc/lacme/test2.chain.pem /etc/lacme/test2.crt \
+    "/-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----/" "{*}"
+test -s /etc/lacme/test2.chain.pem01 # leaf cert (00 is empty)
+rm -f /etc/lacme/test2.chain.pem0[01]
+test -s /etc/lacme/test2.chain.pem02 # depth 1
+
+# all certificates at depth >=1 must be in our CA bundle
+for p in /etc/lacme/test2.chain.pem*; do
+    check_hash "$p"
+done
+
+# 'certificate' + 'certificate-chain'
+openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out /etc/lacme/test3.key
+cat >"/etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/test3.conf" <<- EOF
+	[test3]
+	certificate-key = /etc/lacme/test3.key
+	certificate = /etc/lacme/test3.pem
+	certificate-chain = /etc/lacme/test3.crt
+	subject = $subject
+EOF
+
+lacme newOrder test3 2>"$STDERR" || fail newOrder test3
+test /etc/lacme/test3.pem -nt /etc/lacme/test3.key
+test /etc/lacme/test3.crt -nt /etc/lacme/test3.key
+csplit -f /etc/lacme/test3.chain.pem /etc/lacme/test3.crt \
+    "/-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----/" "{*}"
+sed -i "/^$/d" /etc/lacme/test3.chain.pem*
+diff -q /etc/lacme/test3.chain.pem01 /etc/lacme/test3.pem
+st="$(stat -c "%U:%G %#a" /etc/lacme/test3.pem)"
+[ "$st" = "root:root 0644" ]
+st="$(stat -c "%U:%G %#a" /etc/lacme/test3.crt)"
+[ "$st" = "root:root 0644" ]
+
+# chmod user
+openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out /etc/lacme/test4.key
+cat >"/etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/test4.conf" <<- EOF
+	[test4]
+	certificate-key = /etc/lacme/test4.key
+	certificate = /etc/lacme/test4.pem
+	certificate-chain = /etc/lacme/test4.crt
+    chown = nobody
+	subject = $subject
+EOF
+
+lacme newOrder test4 2>"$STDERR" || fail newOrder test4
+st="$(stat -c "%U:%G %#a" /etc/lacme/test4.pem)"
+[ "$st" = "nobody:root 0644" ]
+st="$(stat -c "%U:%G %#a" /etc/lacme/test4.crt)"
+[ "$st" = "nobody:root 0644" ]
+
+# chmod user:group
+openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out /etc/lacme/test5.key
+cat >"/etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/test5.conf" <<- EOF
+	[test5]
+	certificate-key = /etc/lacme/test5.key
+	certificate = /etc/lacme/test5.pem
+	certificate-chain = /etc/lacme/test5.crt
+    chown = nobody:nogroup
+	subject = $subject
+EOF
+
+lacme newOrder test5 2>"$STDERR" || fail newOrder test5
+st="$(stat -c "%U:%G %#a" /etc/lacme/test5.pem)"
+[ "$st" = "nobody:nogroup 0644" ]
+st="$(stat -c "%U:%G %#a" /etc/lacme/test5.crt)"
+[ "$st" = "nobody:nogroup 0644" ]
+
+# chown
+openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out /etc/lacme/test6.key
+cat >"/etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/test6.conf" <<- EOF
+	[test6]
+	certificate-key = /etc/lacme/test6.key
+	certificate = /etc/lacme/test6.pem
+	certificate-chain = /etc/lacme/test6.crt
+    chmod = 0400
+	subject = $subject
+EOF
+
+lacme newOrder test6 2>"$STDERR" || fail newOrder test6
+st="$(stat -c "%U:%G %#a" /etc/lacme/test6.pem)"
+[ "$st" = "root:root 0400" ]
+st="$(stat -c "%U:%G %#a" /etc/lacme/test6.crt)"
+[ "$st" = "root:root 0400" ]
+
+# post-issuance notification
+openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out /etc/lacme/test7.key
+cat >"/etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/test7.conf" <<- EOF
+	[test7]
+	certificate-key = /etc/lacme/test7.key
+	certificate-chain = /etc/lacme/test7.crt
+	subject = $subject
+	notify = touch /tmp/test7.notify
+EOF
+
+lacme newOrder test7 2>"$STDERR" || fail newOrder test7
+grepstderr -Fxq "Running notification command \`touch /tmp/test7.notify\`"
+test -e /tmp/test7.notify
+
+rm -f /tmp/test7.notify
+lacme newOrder test7 2>"$STDERR" || fail newOrder test7
+ngrepstderr -Fq "Running notification command"
+! test -e /tmp/test7.notify
+
+# vim: set filetype=sh :
diff --git a/tests/cert-renew b/tests/cert-renew
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aca1b34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cert-renew
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Skip renewal for recent enough certificates
+
+lacme newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Exq "Installing X.509 certificate chain /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt"
+ino1="$(stat -c%i /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt)"
+
+lacme newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Ex "^\[simpletest-rsa\] Valid until .*, skipping"
+
+lacme newOrder --force 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Exq "Installing X.509 certificate chain /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt"
+ino2="$(stat -c%i /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt)"
+test "$ino1" != "$ino2" # we never truncate existing certificates
+
+sed -ri 's|^#?min-days\s*=.*|min-days = 90|' /etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf
+lacme newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Exq "Installing X.509 certificate chain /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt"
+ino3="$(stat -c%i /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt)"
+test "$ino2" != "$ino3" # we never truncate existing certificates
+
+# vim: set filetype=sh :
diff --git a/tests/cert-revoke b/tests/cert-revoke
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3d585e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cert-revoke
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Certification revocation, using either the account key or the
+# certificate key
+
+# also check issuance for ECDSA keys
+openssl genpkey -algorithm EC -out /etc/lacme/simpletest.ecdsa.key \
+           -pkeyopt ec_paramgen_curve:P-256 \
+           -pkeyopt ec_param_enc:named_curve
+
+sed "s/rsa/ecdsa/" /etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/simpletest-rsa.conf > \
+    /etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf.d/simpletest-ecdsa.conf
+
+# issue both RSA and ECDSA certificates
+lacme newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail newOrder
+test /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt   -nt /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.key
+test /etc/lacme/simpletest.ecdsa.crt -nt /etc/lacme/simpletest.ecdsa.key
+
+# revoke the ECDSA certificate using the account key
+lacme revokeCert /etc/lacme/simpletest.ecdsa.crt
+! lacme revokeCert /etc/lacme/simpletest.ecdsa.crt 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fxq "Revoking /etc/lacme/simpletest.ecdsa.crt"
+grepstderr -Fxq "400 Bad Request (Certificate already revoked)"
+grepstderr -Fxq "Warning: Couldn't revoke /etc/lacme/simpletest.ecdsa.crt"
+
+# and the RSA certificate using the service key
+mv -vfT /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.key /etc/lacme/account.key
+lacme revokeCert /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt
+! lacme revokeCert /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fxq "Revoking /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt"
+grepstderr -Fxq "400 Bad Request (Certificate already revoked)"
+grepstderr -Fxq "Warning: Couldn't revoke /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt"
+
+# vim: set filetype=sh :
diff --git a/tests/cert-verify b/tests/cert-verify
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49629f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cert-verify
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Certificate verification
+
+DEBIAN_FRONTEND="noninteractive" apt install -y --no-install-recommends ssl-cert
+
+# add staging root certificates to the trust store to emulate the production environment
+for ca in /usr/share/lacme/letsencrypt-stg-root-*.pem; do
+    ln -sT "$ca" "/usr/local/share/ca-certificates/$(basename -s.pem "$ca").crt"
+done
+update-ca-certificates
+
+# test (modified) trust store for intermediate certificates
+openssl verify -no-CAfile -CApath /etc/ssl/certs                     -show_chain /usr/share/lacme/letsencrypt-stg-int-*.pem
+openssl verify -no-CApath -CAfile /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt -show_chain /usr/share/lacme/letsencrypt-stg-int-*.pem
+
+mv /usr/share/lacme/ca-certificates.crt /usr/share/lacme/ca-certificates.crt.back
+! lacme newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fxq "Can't open /usr/share/lacme/ca-certificates.crt for reading, No such file or directory"
+grepstderr -Fxq "[simpletest-rsa] Error: Received invalid X.509 certificate from ACME server!"
+
+# verification error for unrelated CA bundle
+cat /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem >/usr/share/lacme/ca-certificates.crt
+! lacme newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fxq "error 20 at 0 depth lookup: unable to get local issuer certificate"
+grepstderr -Fxq "[simpletest-rsa] Error: Received invalid X.509 certificate from ACME server!"
+
+# verification error when the CA bundle contains only the root certificates
+cat /usr/share/lacme/letsencrypt-stg-root-*.pem >/usr/share/lacme/ca-certificates.crt
+! lacme newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fxq "error 20 at 0 depth lookup: unable to get local issuer certificate"
+grepstderr -Fxq "[simpletest-rsa] Error: Received invalid X.509 certificate from ACME server!"
+
+# verification error when the CA bundle contains only the intermediate certificates
+cat /usr/share/lacme/letsencrypt-stg-int-*.pem >/usr/share/lacme/ca-certificates.crt
+! lacme newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fxq "error 2 at 1 depth lookup: unable to get issuer certificate"
+grepstderr -Fxq "[simpletest-rsa] Error: Received invalid X.509 certificate from ACME server!"
+
+# use saved bundle as custom CAfile
+sed -ri 's|^#?CAfile\s*=.*|CAfile = /usr/share/lacme/ca-certificates.crt.back|' /etc/lacme/lacme-certs.conf
+lacme newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+test /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt -nt /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.key
+
+# vim: set filetype=sh :
diff --git a/tests/drop-privileges b/tests/drop-privileges
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0596e31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/drop-privileges
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+# Check privilige drop: UID/GID changes, chdir, environment, and file
+# descriptors
+
+# create wrapper to inspect processes
+STATUSDIR="/dev/shm/lacme-wrap"
+install -oroot -groot -m0755 /dev/stdin /run/lacme-wrap <<-EOF
+	#!/bin/sh
+	set -ue
+	PATH="/usr/bin:/bin"
+	export PATH
+
+	prefix="$STATUSDIR/\${1##*[/-]}"
+	cat </proc/\$\$/status >"\$prefix/status"
+	pwd >"\$prefix/cwd"
+	stat -c "%U:%G %#a" . >"\$prefix/cwd-mod"
+	sort -z </proc/\$\$/environ | tr "\\0" "\\n" >"\$prefix/environ"
+	( find -P /proc/\$\$/fd -mindepth 1 \! -lname "\$0" -printf "%P %#m %U:%G %l\\n" >"\$prefix/fd" )
+
+	exec "\$@"
+EOF
+
+# also check privilege drop for the spawned accountd
+adduser --system --group \
+       --home /nonexistent --no-create-home \
+       --gecos "lacme account user" \
+       --quiet lacme-account
+sed -ri 's|^#user\s*=\s*$|user = lacme-account|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+sed -ri 's|^#group\s*=\s*$|group = lacme-account|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+chown lacme-account: /etc/lacme/account.key
+
+install -oroot -groot -dm0755 -- "$STATUSDIR"
+install -olacme-account -groot -dm0700 -- "$STATUSDIR/accountd"
+install -o_lacme-client -groot -dm0700 -- "$STATUSDIR/client"
+install -o_lacme-www    -groot -dm0700 -- "$STATUSDIR/webserver"
+
+# test with a group that's not the primary group (nogroup) of _lacme-www etc
+addgroup --system nogroup2
+sed -ri 's|^#?group\s*=\s*nogroup$|group = nogroup2|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+sed -ri 's|^#?command\s*=.*/lacme-accountd$|command = /run/lacme-wrap /usr/bin/lacme-accountd|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+sed -ri 's|^#?command\s*=.*/lacme/client$|command = /run/lacme-wrap /usr/libexec/lacme/client|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+sed -ri 's|^#?command\s*=.*/lacme/webserver$|command = /run/lacme-wrap /usr/libexec/lacme/webserver|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+sed -ri 's|^#?config\s*=\s*$|config = /etc/lacme/lacme-accountd.conf|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+
+check_status() {
+    local path="$STATUSDIR/$1/status" user="$2" group="$3"
+    UID="$(getent passwd "$user"  | cut -sd: -f3)"
+    GID="$(getent group  "$group" | cut -sd: -f3)"
+    [ -n "$UID" -a -n "$GID" ] || return 1
+    grep -Ex "Uid:\\s+$UID\\s+$UID\\s+$UID\\s+$UID" "$path" || return 1
+    grep -Ex "Gid:\\s+$GID\\s+$GID\\s+$GID\\s+$GID" "$path" || return 1
+    grep -Ex "Groups:\s+$GID\s*" "$path" || return 1
+}
+check_cwd() {
+    local path="$STATUSDIR/$1/cwd" dir="$2" cwd
+    cwd="$(cat <"$path")" || return 1
+    [ "$cwd" = "$dir" ] || return 1
+}
+
+check_accountd() {
+    local socket_ino stderr prefix="$STATUSDIR/accountd"
+    check_status accountd lacme-account lacme-account || return 1
+    check_cwd    accountd / || return 1
+
+    diff --label="a/accountd/environ" --label="b/accountd/environ" \
+            --color=auto --unified "$prefix/environ" - <<-EOF
+		HOME=/nonexistent
+		LOGNAME=lacme-account
+		PATH=/usr/bin:/bin
+		SHELL=/usr/sbin/nologin
+		TERM=$TERM
+		USER=lacme-account
+	EOF
+
+    stderr="$(readlink -e "/proc/$$/fd/2")"
+    socket_ino="$(sed -rn '/^0 .* socket:\[([0-9]+)\]$/ {s//\1/p;q}' "$prefix/fd")"
+    [ -n "$socket_ino" ] || return 1
+    grep -Fxq "0 0700 $UID:$GID socket:[$socket_ino]" "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+    grep -Fxq "1 0700 $UID:$GID socket:[$socket_ino]" "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+    grep -Fxq "2 0700 $UID:$GID $stderr" "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+    sed -ri '\#^[012] #d' "$prefix/fd"
+    ! test -s "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+}
+check_client() {
+    local command="$1" cwd="$2" UID GID stdout stderr prefix="$STATUSDIR/client"
+    check_status client _lacme-client nogroup2
+    check_cwd    client "$cwd"
+
+    diff --label="a/client/environ" --label="b/client/environ" \
+            --color=auto --unified "$prefix/environ" - <<-EOF
+		DEBUG=0
+		HOME=/nonexistent
+		LOGNAME=_lacme-client
+		PATH=/usr/bin:/bin
+		SHELL=/usr/sbin/nologin
+		TERM=$TERM
+		USER=_lacme-client
+	EOF
+
+    stdout="$(readlink -e "/proc/$$/fd/1")"
+    stderr="$(readlink -e "/proc/$$/fd/2")"
+    if [ "$command" = "account" ]; then # no pipe
+        grep -Fxq "0 0500 $UID:$GID /dev/null" "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+        grep -Fxq "1 0700 $UID:$GID $stdout"   "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+    elif [ "$command" = "order" ]; then
+        grep -Exq "0 0500 $UID:$GID pipe:\[[0-9]+\]" "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+        grep -Exq "1 0300 $UID:$GID pipe:\[[0-9]+\]" "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+    else
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    grep -Fxq "2 0700 $UID:$GID $stderr" "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+    sed -ri '\#^[012] #d' "$prefix/fd"
+
+    grep -Exq "[0-9]+ 0700 $UID:$GID socket:\[[0-9]+\]" "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+    sed -ri '0,\#^[0-9]+ .* socket:\[[0-9]+\]$# {//d}' "$prefix/fd"
+
+    grep -Exq "[0-9]+ 0500 $UID:$GID /etc/lacme/lacme\.conf" "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+    sed -ri '0,\#^[0-9]+ .* /etc/lacme/lacme\.conf$# {//d}' "$prefix/fd"
+    ! test -s "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+}
+check_webserver() {
+    local cwd="$1" UID GID stdout stderr prefix="$STATUSDIR/webserver"
+    check_status webserver _lacme-www nogroup2
+    check_cwd    webserver "$cwd"
+
+    diff --label="a/webserver/environ" --label="b/webserver/environ" \
+            --color=auto --unified "$prefix/environ" - <<-EOF
+		DEBUG=0
+		HOME=/nonexistent
+		LOGNAME=_lacme-www
+		PATH=/usr/bin:/bin
+		SHELL=/usr/sbin/nologin
+		TERM=$TERM
+		USER=_lacme-www
+	EOF
+
+    stdout="$(readlink -e "/proc/$$/fd/1")"
+    stderr="$(readlink -e "/proc/$$/fd/2")"
+    grep -Fxq "0 0500 $UID:$GID /dev/null"  "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+    grep -Fxq "1 0700 $UID:$GID $stdout" "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+    grep -Fxq "2 0700 $UID:$GID $stderr" "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+    sed -ri '\#^[012] #d' "$prefix/fd"
+
+    grep -Exq "[0-9]+ 0700 $UID:$GID socket:\[[0-9]+\]" "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+    sed -ri '0,\#^[0-9]+ .* socket:\[[0-9]+\]$# {//d}' "$prefix/fd"
+    ! test -s "$prefix/fd" || return 1
+}
+
+lacme account
+check_accountd
+check_client account /
+! test -e "$STATUSDIR/webserver/status" # account 'command' doesn't start the webserver
+
+lacme newOrder
+check_accountd
+challenge_dir="$(cat "$STATUSDIR/webserver/cwd")"
+[ "${challenge_dir#"/tmp/acme-challenge."}" != "$challenge_dir" ] || exit 1
+check_client order "$challenge_dir"
+check_webserver    "$challenge_dir"
+
+# the temporary challenge directory is created with permissive mode
+diff --label="a/webserver/cwd" --label="b/webserver/cwd" \
+        --color=auto --unified "$STATUSDIR/webserver/cwd-mod" - <<-EOF
+	_lacme-client:root 0755
+EOF
+
+# vim: set filetype=sh :
diff --git a/tests/nginx-proxy b/tests/nginx-proxy
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b16fd10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/nginx-proxy
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Use Nginx as reverse proxy for lacme's internal webserver using the
+# provided snippet
+
+# bind the webserver to the default listening address
+sed -i 's|^listen\s*=|#&|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+
+DEBIAN_FRONTEND="noninteractive" apt install -y --no-install-recommends nginx-light curl
+cat >/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default <<-EOF
+	server {
+	    listen 80 default_server;
+	    server_name _;
+	    include /etc/lacme/nginx.conf;
+	}
+EOF
+nginx
+
+# ensure that requests to the root URI and challenge URIs yield 502 Bad Gateway before starting the webserver
+rv="$(curl -w"%{http_code}" -so/dev/null http://127.0.0.1/.well-known/acme-challenge/)";    [ $rv -eq 502 ]
+rv="$(curl -w"%{http_code}" -so/dev/null http://127.0.0.1/.well-known/acme-challenge/foo)"; [ $rv -eq 502 ]
+
+lacme --debug newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+test /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt -nt /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.key
+
+grepstderr -Fq "Forking ACME webserver bound to /run/lacme-www.socket, child PID "
+grepstderr -Fq "Forking lacme-accountd, child PID "
+grepstderr -Fq "Forking /usr/libexec/lacme/client, child PID "
+grepstderr -Fq "Shutting down lacme-accountd"
+grepstderr -Fq "Shutting down ACME webserver bound to /run/lacme-www.socket"
+grepstderr -Eq "Incoming connection: GET /\.well-known/acme-challenge/\S+ HTTP/[0-9.]+$"
+
+# ensure nginx was indeed used to serve challenge responses (Let's Encrypt caches validation results)
+grep -E "\"GET /\.well-known/acme-challenge/\S+ HTTP/[0-9.]+\" 200 .* \(([^)]+; )*Let's Encrypt validation server(; [^)]+)*\)\"$" \
+    /var/log/nginx/access.log
+
+# vim: set filetype=sh :
diff --git a/tests/nginx-static b/tests/nginx-static
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4bb0e0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/nginx-static
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Use Nginx to directly serve ACME challenge responses using the
+# provided snippet
+
+# bind the webserver to the default listening address
+sed -i 's|^listen\s*=|#&|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+
+DEBIAN_FRONTEND="noninteractive" apt install -y --no-install-recommends nginx-light curl
+cat >/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default <<-EOF
+	server {
+	    listen 80 default_server;
+	    server_name _;
+	    include /etc/lacme/nginx-static.conf;
+	}
+EOF
+nginx
+
+# 'challenge-directory' set to a non-existent directory
+sed -ri 's|^#?challenge-directory\s*=.*|challenge-directory = /var/www/acme-challenge|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+! lacme newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fqx "opendir(/var/www/acme-challenge): No such file or directory"
+
+# ensure that requests to the root URI and challenge URIs respectively yield 403 Forbidden (no index) and 404 Not Found
+install -o_lacme-client -gwww-data -m0750 -d /var/www/acme-challenge
+rv="$(curl -w"%{http_code}" -so/dev/null http://127.0.0.1/.well-known/acme-challenge/)";    [ $rv -eq 403 ]
+rv="$(curl -w"%{http_code}" -so/dev/null http://127.0.0.1/.well-known/acme-challenge/foo)"; [ $rv -eq 404 ]
+
+# 'challenge-directory' set to a non-empty directory
+touch /var/www/acme-challenge/.stamp
+! lacme newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+grepstderr -Fqx "Error: Refusing to use non-empty challenge directory /var/www/acme-challenge"
+
+rm -f /var/www/acme-challenge/.stamp
+lacme --debug newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail
+test /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt -nt /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.key
+
+ngrepstderr -Fq "Forking ACME webserver"
+grepstderr  -Fq "Using existing webserver on /var/www/acme-challenge"
+grepstderr  -Fq "Forking lacme-accountd, child PID "
+grepstderr  -Fq "Forking /usr/libexec/lacme/client, child PID "
+grepstderr  -Fq "Shutting down lacme-accountd"
+ngrepstderr -Fq "Shutting down ACME webserver"
+ngrepstderr -Eq "Incoming connection( from \S+)?: GET /\.well-known/acme-challenge/\S+ HTTP/[0-9.]+$"
+
+# ensure nginx was indeed used to serve challenge responses (Let's Encrypt caches validation results)
+grep -E "\"GET /\.well-known/acme-challenge/\S+ HTTP/[0-9.]+\" 200 .* \(([^)]+; )*Let's Encrypt validation server(; [^)]+)*\)\"$" \
+    /var/log/nginx/access.log
+
+# vim: set filetype=sh :
diff --git a/tests/register b/tests/register
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0273377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/register
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Register new account key (or update the contact/ToS URI)
+
+lacme account --tos-agreed --register "mailto:noreply+lacme=$$@guilhem.org"
+
+# should return info about the account
+lacme account
+
+# vim: set filetype=sh :
diff --git a/tests/webservers b/tests/webservers
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cadea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/webservers
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Multiple webservers (each binding to a different address)
+
+sed -ri 's|^#?listen\s*=.*|listen = [::]:80 127.0.0.1:8080|' /etc/lacme/lacme.conf
+lacme --debug newOrder 2>"$STDERR" || fail newOrder
+test /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.crt -nt /etc/lacme/simpletest.rsa.key
+
+grepstderr -Fq "Forking ACME webserver bound to [::]:80, child PID "
+grepstderr -Fq "Forking ACME webserver bound to 127.0.0.1:8080, child PID "
+grepstderr -Fq "Forking lacme-accountd, child PID "
+grepstderr -Fq "Forking /usr/libexec/lacme/client, child PID "
+grepstderr -Fq "Shutting down lacme-accountd"
+grepstderr -Fq "Shutting down ACME webserver bound to [::]:80"
+grepstderr -Fq "Shutting down ACME webserver bound to 127.0.0.1:8080"
+grepstderr -Eq "Incoming connection( from \S+)?: GET /\.well-known/acme-challenge/\S+ HTTP/[0-9.]+$"
+
+# vim: set filetype=sh :